Future-in-the-Past Tense in English Grammar

In English grammar, the future-in-the-past is the use of would or was/were going to to refer to the future from the perspective of some point in the past. As illustrated below, other verbs in the past progressive can also be used to convey this future-in-the-past perspective. Also known as: Prediction in the past Examples and Observations: Matilda stretched herself out, feeling her bones getting longer and longer. In a little while she would be taller than Frances, maybe one day even taller than Elizabeth. Maybe one day she would be the tallest woman in the world and she could join a circus.She was sure that Boyne would never come back, that he had gone out of her sight as completely as if Death itself had waited that day on the threshold.He had not believed her when she said they would meet only once.Fred Ballard, a local playwright friend of my mother, told her that I should go to his alma mater, Harvard and that he would make inquiries on my behalf, which he did without success. Use of "Be Going to" [T]he future-in-the-past...  is used where the speaker wishes to refer to a past time at which a particular event was still in the future, even though now, at the moment of speaking, it is past. This particular combination frequently makes use of the semi-modal expression be going to since this is readily marked for the past. It is frequently used where some anticipated event does not occur or an expectation is canceled. Consider these examples: I was going to tell him, but he didnt give me a chance.I thought we were going to eat out tonight.She was going to qualify next year, but now it will take longer. Use of the Past Progressive When an arranged-future-in-the-past (or rather arranged-future-from-the-past, as it is a future relative to the time of a past arrangement) concerns a personal arrangement, we normally use the progressive form of the past tense. This parallels the use of the present progressive for arranged post-present situations. [Mary and Bill were stuffing a goose.] They were having guests that evening.[There was no point in inviting the Robinsons, as] they were leaving the day before the party.[The man was very nervous.] He was getting married that morning.[I didnt call him up to tell him the news because] I was going to his office the next day. The use of the progressive past is possible even if the context makes it clear that the action planned was not actually performed. Relative Tenses Relative tenses represent deictic tenses. . . . Thus had sung is the past-in-the-past, has sung the past-in-the-present, and will-have-sung the past-in-the-future. Similarly, would sing is the future-in-the-past, is (about) to sing the future-in-the-present, and will be (about) to sing the future-in-the-future. Coincident (relatively present) tenses are ignored by many contemporary theorists, though Lo Cascio (1982: 42) writes of the imperfect, which is considered in traditional grammar a present-in-the-past, as a past coincident tense. Sources Robert I. Binnick, Temporality and Aspectuality.  Language Typology and Language Universals: An International Handbook, ed. by Martin Haspelmath. Walter de Gruyter, 2001.Joseph L. Cacibauda,  After Laughing, Comes Crying: Sicilian Immigrants on Louisiana Plantations. Legas, 2009.Renaat Declerck, Susan Reed, and Bert Cappelle,  The Grammar of the English Tense System: A Comprehensive Analysis. Walter de Gruyter, 2006Ursula Dubosarsky,  The Red Shoe. Roaring Book Press, 2006.Martin J.  Endley,  Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar. Information Age, 2010Ted Sorensen,  Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History. Harper, 2008.Edith Wharton, Afterward, 1910.

DNA in Forensics Essays - 785 Words

The origins of DNA were first discovered during 1857 by Gregor Mendel the Father of Genetics†, whom was performing an experiment of genetics with pea plants, and would provide a basic foundation towards DNA and Genetics. Friedrich Miescher and Richard Altmann in 1869 were also part of the first people to discover DNA. While testing some sperm of a salmon, they discover a strange substance that they would name as nuclein, which is known as DNA. This new form of nuclein (DNA) would be found to only exist in chromosomes. Frederick Griffith, a researcher, found the basis on DNA, from a molecule inheritance experiment involving mice and two types of pneumonia. His findings were that, when virulent disease is heated up (to kill) and is†¦show more content†¦Law Enforcement keep notes on arrests that have founded people innocent of crimes, and retention of an innocent persons DNA can be charge or otherwise, seen as a invasion of that person’s privacy and civil liberti es. Dr. Alec Jeffrey, a former professor at the University of Leicester laboratory, consulted with his lawyers to develop the new type of technique called DNA profiling. His technique would prove that DNA fingerprinting (profiling) can individualize evidence compared to the blood typing. DNA profiling compares 13 standard STRs to form a profile. The analysis used by the scientists, uses PCR and STRs to profile an individual. It is highly unlike that two individuals’ identical numbers of repeats for all 13 STRs, will match, which DNA fails is hardly never due to a successful match of 385 million to 1. This makes DNA profiling the most accurate tool in Forensics. Criminologists, usually Forensic scientists, collect DNA sources of semen, saliva, hair follicle, body cells, skin, and blood. They must always wear gloves, mask, and use disposable instruments. This help prevents the DNA being contaminated, to where it would not be useable. The collected samples must be bagged and label in envelopes but not plastic bags! Plastic Bags retain moisture that will damage DNA, another reason why DNA must be protected and label is that direst sunlight and weather condition may damage DNA. To further help protect theShow MoreRelatedThe Forensic Analysis Of Dna972 Words   |  4 PagesEmulation of the Forensic Analysis of DNA Introduction All living beings possess DNA that is unique to them.2 For this reason DNA is often used in criminal investigations to help ascertain a perpetrators identity1. In this lab we intend to mimic the methodology involved in such a process. DNA consists of thymine, guanine, cytosine and adenine in a double helix structure, in a sequence that is unique to each person.2 A lysis solution is to be used to safely isolate onion DNA from tissue, consistingRead MoreDna Forensics And The Human Genome2746 Words   |  11 Pages DNA Forensics Before the 1980s, courts relied on testimony and eyewitness accounts as a main source of evidence. Notoriously unreliable, these techniques have since faded away to the stunning reliability of DNA forensics. In 1984, British geneticist Alec Jeffreys of the University of Leicester discovered an interesting new marker in the human genome. Most DNA information is the same in every human, but the junk code between genes is unique to every person. Junk DNA used for investigative purposesRead MoreDna Biology : Forensic Science Essay958 Words   |  4 Pages1.1.1.1 Forensic DNA Biology: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has revolutionized forensic science. Of all the disciplines in forensic science, forensic biology has seen the most technological advances in the past thirty years. Forensic biology is a field of study that uses DNA to identify victims and to associate suspects and victims to crime scenes. The large forensic advantage of high copy number and the stability of the mtGenome is a direct consequence of the mitochondrion’s function and evolutionaryRead MoreDna Forensics And The Human Genome2744 Words   |  11 Pagesmain source of evidence. Notoriously unreliable, these techniques have since faded away to the stunning reliability of DNA forensics. In 1984, British geneticist Alec Jeffreys of the University of Leicester discovered an interesting new marker in the human genome. Most DNA information is the same in every human, but the junk code between genes is unique to every person. Junk DNA used for investigative purposes can be found in blood, saliva, p erspiration, sexual fluid, skin tissue, bone marrow, dentalRead MoreThe Effectiveness of DNA Profiling in Forensics Essay684 Words   |  3 Pages Forensics has been greatly enhanced by technology. DNA profiling is one of the technologies that has influenced efficiency and credibility of forensic evidence. The FBI first started using DNA in one of its cases in 1988. In Europe, the United Kingdom opened a DNA database in 1955 (Milena, 2006). The main use of the DNA is to compare the evidence collected at crime scene with the suspects. In addition, it helps to establish a connection between the evidence and the criminals. The investigationsRead MoreSolving Cases with Forensic DNA Analysis975 Words   |  4 PagesForensic DNA analysis is still a relatively new method that has been used to solve cases such as crimes and paternity tests. This method of forensic evaluation is examined by using genetic material, DNA, an acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid. Although each individual’s DNA differs from someone else’s, with the exception of identical twins, around 99.9% of DNA is the same in each person (The FBI DNA Laborator y). Therefore, in order to identify the genetic profile of the individual being analyzedRead MoreEssay on DNA in the Forensic Science Community1500 Words   |  6 Pagesacid (DNA) collection and its relationship to solving crimes. The collection of DNA is one of the most important steps in identifying a suspect in a crime. DNA evidence can either convict or exonerate an individual of a crime. Furthermore, the accuracy of forensic identification of evidence has the possibility of leaving biased effects on a juror (Carrell, Krauss, Liberman, Miethe, 2008). This paper examines Carrells et al’s research along with three other research articles to review how DNA isRead MoreThe Convergence Of DNA Analysis And Forensic Sciences1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe convergence of DNA analysis and Forensic sciences is a recent one, given the relatively new discovery of accurate analysis of DNA. 1953 was a critical year for the field of molecular biology; Rosalind Franklin, James Watso n, and Francis Crick solved the double-stranded, helical nature of DNA. Nearly three decades later, Kary Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 1983, followed only a year later by Sir Alec Jeffreys and his development of the restriction fragment length polymorphismRead MoreDna Fingerprinting : A Method Of Dna Analysis Used By Forensic Scientists2462 Words   |  10 PagesRoughly speaking, DNA Fingerprinting is a method of DNA analysis used by Forensic Scientists to help solve crimes. This technique was first discovered by Professor Alec Jeffreys of the University of Leicester in 1984, when he found that DNA varies in each human being, and makes us unique. DNA could be retrieved from hair, blood and saliva amongst other things such as skin and semen. DNA fingerprinting works on the basis that each individual s DNA structure – also known as the genetic make-up ofRead MoreEssay about Biology: DNA Forensics1790 Words   |  8 PagesDNA forensics is a division o f forensic science that focuses on the use of genetic material in criminal investigation to answer questions pertaining to legal situations, including criminal and civil cases. Through DNA testing, law enforcement officers are able to identify human remains or the individual responsible for a crime. DNA testing is a highly advanced scientific process that involves replicating the human DNA sequence to create a genetic map of an individual. Because of its reliability,

Vermont Teddy Bear Brief Free Essays

Vermont Teddy Bear Company From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Vermont Teddy Bear Company Type Privately held company IndustryManufacturing, retail Founded1981 HeadquartersShelburne, Vermont ProductsTeddy bears Owner(s)The Mustang Group Subsidiaries Calyx Corolla Gift Bag Boutique PajamaGram TastyGram WebsiteVermont Teddy Bear Company The Vermont Teddy Bear Company is one of the largest producers of teddy bears and the largest seller of teddy bears by mail order and Internet. The company handcrafts each of its teddy bears and produces almost 500,000 teddy bears each year. The company was formerly traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol BEAR, but was taken private by The Mustang Group, a Boston-based private equity firm, on September 30, 2005, partially to avoid the reporting requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We will write a custom essay sample on Vermont Teddy Bear Brief or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company was founded in 1981 by John Sortino, who sold handcrafted teddy bears in an open-air market in Burlington, Vermont. Sortino happened upon the idea of packaging and selling bears through the mail when a tourist visiting Burlington wanted a bear mailed to her home. The concept was called the â€Å"Bear-Gram†, which features the customized teddy bear placed in a box (complete with an â€Å"air hole†) and stuffed with other goodies. By 1995, the company moved into its new headquarters in Vermont’s Champlain Valley. The company has two factories: one in Shelburne and one in Newport. The Shelburne factory is an especially popular tourist destination, and also served as a concert site for the annual Vermont Mozart Festival. The company also maintained two retail locations in Vermont – Shelburne and on the main road between Waterbury and Stowe. VTB acquired Calyx Corolla, an upscale flower company headquartered in Vero Beach, Florida in 2003. Ironically, one of Vermont Teddy Bear’s marketing slogans claimed that sending a teddy bear is â€Å"a creative alternative to sending flowers. † In 2005, the company launched a new sister company, Gift Bag Boutique, which offered handbags and purses along with many make-up accessories. Along with PajamaGram, which sold gift pajamas, and TastyGram, which offered gourmet food gifts, the creation of this sister company brought the total number of companies under the Vermont Teddy Bear umbrella to five. Gift Bag Boutique and TastyGram stopped accepting orders as of June 26, 2008. [1] â€Å"Crazy† Controversy For Valentine’s Day of 2005, Vermont Teddy Bear caused widespread controversy by offering a â€Å"Crazy for You† Bear. The bear was offered dressed in a white strait jacket with a red heart embroidered onto the front of the jacket. A tag entitled â€Å"Commitment Papers† came with the bear. The tag read â€Å"Can’t eat, can’t sleep, my heart’s racing. Diagnosis – crazy for you. â€Å"[2] Mental health groups from all over the U. S. sked for the bear to be pulled out of production and removed from VTB’s website. Many groups called for a boycott of the company. They claimed that the bear made light of the suffering caused by severe mental illness and contributed to the stigma that people with mental illness often encounter. The company’s response was that there was no offense intended and it was merely a play on the phrase â€Å"I’m crazy about you. † The company claimed that the bear was intended to be a light-hearted depiction of the sentiment of love. When asked to remove the bear from their inventory, VTB responded by keeping their existing stock up for sale although they stated that they would not make any more in the future. The price of the bears from VTB was US$69. 95. After the company sold out, which happened within just a few days of the story hitting the news, the eBay bids reached several hundred dollars. Elizabeth Robert, the CEO and CFO of VTB was serving as a member of Vermont’s largest hospital, Fletcher Allen Health Care, at the time of this incident. In response to the significant controversy she resigned from the board. [3] Advertising VTB was listed amongst â€Å"‘a broad range of direct marketers’ pitched by the show’s hosts themselves† who were taking out more ads on talk radio in 2010, according to Dan Metter, director of talk-radio sales of Premiere Radio Networks. Conservative radio hosts were seeing an uptick in listener numbers and advertising in the lead-up to the year’s midterm elections. Premiere is the syndicator of the top three talk-radio shows — hosted respectively by Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity and Glenn Beck. [4] How to cite Vermont Teddy Bear Brief, Essay examples

Greens Senator Scott Ludlam Resigns †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Greens Senator Scott Ludlam Resigns. Answer: Introduction: There have been a number of referrals in the recent history to the High Court which relate to the eligibility of different MPs to be elected in the Federal Parliament of the nation. These have made it clear that Australian Constitution requires the non-Australian citizenship to be renounced before an individual could become a representative of the people, despite the fact that the multicultural people are from the nation (Lim, 2017). This has even led to the different MPs fearing on their position being next and that they too could have to bear the disadvantage associated with section 44(i). I think it is time that this section is changed so that the constitutional crisis which is currently being posed on the MPs can be eradicated. There have been a number of cases where the eligibility of elected parliamentarians is referred to the High Court. This is done on the basis of section 44(i) of the Australian Constitution, which provides that a person under acknowledgement of allegiance, obedience or adherence to foreign power, or where such a person is citizen/ subjected to/ entitled to rights or privileges of foreign power, would be considered as incapable in being chosen as a senator or as a House of Representative. Now, the High Court interprets this section as giving the meaning that the people who hold dual citizens are not permitted to stand for election and the need of fulfilling certain steps in order to renounce the citizenship of other country. I find that the interpretation of this section is very complex. There is a preliminary awkwardness where the Australian constitution does not necessitate the MP to be Australian citizen. Though, there is a requirement posed on MP through section 42 of the Australia n constitution to swear an oath allegiance to monarch (Saunders, 2010). Now this is a weird position. Even though you do not have to be a citizen of Australia to be an MP, you need to give up dual citizenship of other nation. The matter is further complicated where the statutory condition for being eligible for election as being the citizen of Australia. In 1981, the committee of Senate recommended for the removal of this section and for a new provision to be brought it where Australian citizenship had to be posed as the requirement and this was covered in the Constitutional Commission report of 1988 (Bennett, 2002). Yet, these changes were never implemented. This could have easily clarified the position on a person required to an Australian nation, instead of going round and round across a matter, and stating it indirectly. The present situation is that you cannot hold the citizenship of another nation to be a MP, but do not have to be an Australian citizenship. Why cannot we work on making the law clear, instead of leaving people guessing and prone to be sacked as MP for the lack of fulfilment of this requirement? This section has been used at a range of places and in various cases as well. For instance, there was the case of Crittenden v Anderson (1950) 51 ALJ 171 where Henry William Crittenden was an independent candidate petitioning for Gordon Andersons disqualification as he was a Catholic. Fullagar J gave the ruling against Crittenden stating that where this premise given by him was accepted, it would mean that the Catholics could not hold a seat in Australian Parliament. The religious test factor in this case and the imposition of it on public office was considered as violation of section 116 of the Australian Constitution. Fullagar J the ordered Crittenden to pay Andersons costs by dismissing the case. Sarina v O'Connor (1946) Tabled in the House of Representatives by the Clerk on '20 November 1946 saw similar ruling being given where Ronald Grafton Sarina had been an unsuccessful candidate during the 1946 federal elections. He made a petition to the High Court for declaring William OCo nnors election as void based on section 66(i) stating that a Roman Catholic would mean that there were allegiances with the foreign power. Though, the petition was later on withdrawn. There is also the case of Elaine Nile v Robert Wood [1987] HCA 63 made against the elected NSW Senator, Robert Wood. This election was challenged by Elaine Nile on the grounds that the actions of Wood had been against the vessels of friendly nation which indicated adherence, obedience and allegiance to foreign power. The reason for this was that Wood had been fined $120 for paddling kayak in front of the USS Joseph Strauss at Sydney Harbor as this was a US warship. Though, this petition had been dismissed on the basis of technical grounds by the High Court. In context of section 44(i), a number of observations had been made, which included the need of identifying foreign power and also showing the presence of such allegiance (Holland, 2004). The matter of Re Wood [1988] HCA 22, (1988) 167 CLR 145 showed that Wood was not an Australian citizen when he had been elected. This led to unanimous determination that he was not entitled to be nominated for senator elections and that his elect ion had not been undertaken validly. The reason for this was that the Commonwealth Electoral Act, 1918 imposed the need for the candidate to be Australian citizen. The matter of dual citizenship was denied by the High Court and Woof was disqualified from being a candidate of Senate elections. Some might raise an issue that this was all in history. However, this is far from the truth. There have been a number of recent cases which show the problems faced by the MPs due to the applicability of section 44(i), where they even fear that they might be next to be disqualified as valid candidate for election. Let us take the example of two of the cases which took place in 2017 only. These are the cases of Scott Ludlam and that of Larissa Waters who were Australian Greens Sentors, and who had resigned from MPs position. The resignation of Scott Ludlam came owing to his failure in renouncing the dual citizenship. Scott Ludlam was both the citizen of Australia and that of New Zealand (Strutt Kagi, 2017). The resignation of Larissa Waters came owing to her failure in renouncing the dual citizenship. Larissa Waters was both the citizen of Australia and that of Canada (Belot, 2017). So, the dual citizenship poses a problem as the individual is not only the citizen of Australia, but al so of a foreign nation. The basic theme of Australian constitution is that we do not care if you are an Australian citizens or not, but as soon as you hold the citizenship of a foreign nation, you cannot do well of Australia. But what if such person was merely born in another nation, and has soul in Australia? The need for change of this provision was even highlighted in 1997 with the motive called The Castle. This matter has become a matter of interest amongst the general public due to the number of individuals being affected by it, which included two of the Greens Senators, and one each of Nationals Minster and One Nation. There were also names like Deputy Prime Minister Barnaby Joyce and his deputy Fiona Nash (ABC News, 2017). Nash did not want to give up her UK citizenship and it is but right. Why should one have to give up on their dual citizenship? How does it prove that the person would work in interest of Australia only? Have we not seen enough Bond movies to know the contrary? There is a need to pause and decide on who can be made to hold the position of a politician in the nation on more practical basis (ABC News, 2017). There is again the grey area in section 44(i) with the term entitled (Gans, 2017). This brings the question that whether the person needs to be an Australian citizen or whether they need to have the position where they would be entitled to claim Australian citizenship at a later stage. Lets see the case of Joyce here. Till 1940s, the citizens of both UK and Australia were deemed as subjects of UK. There is the case of New Zealand citizenship being given to a child born in the nation without any registration (ABC News, 2017). So, what if a person got citizenship by being born in another nation? They were born and brought up in Australia and are true Australians. Is that not enough? Just having a foreign citizenship cannot be made to disqualify them. This is being stereotypical and bringing out hypocrisy at time where Australia prides itself in being multicultural. What would renouncing the citizenship of another nation do to a person more Australian? All in all, it is undeniable that section 44(i) propagates absurd standards for a person wanting to be an MP. The need for renouncing a citizenship of different nation goes against the very theme of multicultural Australia, as it does not allow a person from another culture of another region to hold their identity, if they want to hold parliamentary position in the nation. Thus, there is a crucial need for changing this provision. References ABC News. (2017). Who's who and what's what in Australia's constitutional citizenship mess. Retrieved from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-19/who-is-who-dual-citizenship-scandal/8819510 Belot, H. (2017). Larissa Waters, deputy Greens leader, quits in latest citizenship bungle. Retrieved from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-18/larissa-waters-greens-resigns-senate-over-citizenship-bungle/8720066 Bennett, B. (2002). Candidates, Members and the Constitution. Retrieved from: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0102/02RP18 Crittenden v Anderson (1950) 51 ALJ 171 Crittenden v Anderson (1950) 51 ALJ 171 Doran, M. (2017). 'Entitled' to dual citizenship? The grey area in Section 44 of the constitution. Retrieved from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-28/citizenship-grey-area-in-constitution-tripping-up-mps-senators/8754586 Elaine Nile v Robert Wood [1987] HCA 63 Elaine Nile v Robert Wood [1987] HCA 63 Gans, J. (2017). News: The High Court on dual citizen MPs. Retrieved from: https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/opinionsonhigh/2017/07/20/news-the-high-court-on-dual-citizen-mps/ Holland, I. (2004). Section 44 of the Constitution. Retrieved from: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/Section44 Lim, B. (2017). Australia's Constitution after Whitlam. Victoria: Cambridge University Press. Sarina v O'Connor (1946) Tabled in the House of Representatives by the Clerk on '20 November 1946 Sarina v O'Connor (1946) Tabled in the House of Representatives by the Clerk on '20 November 1946 Saunders, C. (2010).The Constitution of Australia: a contextual analysis. Portland, OR: Bloomsbury Publishing. Strutt, J., Kagi, J. (2017). Greens senator Scott Ludlam resigns over failure to renounce dual citizenship. Retrieved from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-14/senator-scott-ludlam-resign-constitution-dual-citizenship/8708606